zh:notes:sentences
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zh:notes:sentences [2024/09/05 15:56] pzczxs |
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| ====== Several Excerpted Sentences ====== | ====== Several Excerpted Sentences ====== | ||
| + | *The procedure **boils down to** exploring a pattern via a spanning tree to construct a canonical form of a pattern, a useful construct to establish isomorphism without actually running a computationally intensive test. | ||
| + | *Novelty indices are guided by the notion that creativity is no **creatio ex nihilo**, but rather a cumulative process that manifests in atypical combinations of prior knowledge. | ||
| + | *They were **of the opinion that** the dichotomy of competence-destroying or competence-enhancing technologies lacked nuance. | ||
| + | *The article made waves in and beyond the science system and prompted a public debate surrounding the question of if and why science is **running out of steam** in spite of the massive expansion of the (global) science system in recent decades. | ||
| + | *They became **iconic** examples of the rise of the //Sharing Economy//, a term that **gained traction** following the 2008 global financial crisis. | ||
| + | *We also discuss some of the potential reasons behind the rise of unicorn companies in the **aftermath** of the global financial crisis. | ||
| + | ***Against this backdrop** there is now a growing view that the EU should take action to help promising start-ups to achieve their full potential. | ||
| + | *In a //winner takes all// logic, it is **imperative** for a start-up to grow as quickly as possible to occupy market space before an **incumbent** firm can introduce a competitive product. | ||
| + | *Not **astonishingly**, Europe's first unicorn to turn into a decacorn was Klarna, a Swedish financial service provider, established in 2005. | ||
| + | *Unknowable risk covers unexpected events that describe a deviation from **status quo**. | ||
| + | *Using one's **gut feeling** proved to be a valuable strategy to deal with extreme uncertainty. | ||
| + | *However, current research on these evolved entrepreneurial species is **nascent** and usually **lumped into** venture capital conversation or media articles. | ||
| + | *The linear model had overlooked the influence of technology on setting the scientific agenda, as demonstrated by the early decades of the industrial revolution when technological breakthroughs were only followed much later by their respective scientific explanations ([[https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016034516731|Verbeek et al., 2002]]). | ||
| + | *The use of the linear approach largely ignored (1) the empirical evidence that technological change often results from experience and ingenuity rather than from scientific theory or method, (2)the instrumental role of technological developments in inducing scientific explanation, and (3) the importance of technology-based instrumentation for scientific investigation ([[https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016034516731|Verbeek et al., 2002]]). | ||
| + | *The traditional understanding of the contribution of basic research to industrial innovation, was critically and empirically **scrutinized** for the first time in the late 1960s. | ||
| + | *Since a couple of decades, it has become obvious that the linear model of the knowledge creation, transfer and diffusion, "value chain", is not longer valid since it does not capture the current complexity and multiplexity of the relationships involved along the chain ([[https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016034516731|Verbeek et al., 2002]]). | ||
| + | *The present constraints on public expenditures in general, the enormous investments involved in sustaining the econo-techno-scientific complex, and the actual debate on the effectiveness of government supported scientific research, all augment the need for more accountability and effectiveness in the area of publicly funded research. Therefore, at a policy level, disentagling S&T interleaving is assumed to lead to considerable insights as to how to handle these challenges ([[https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016034516731|Verbeek et al., 2002]]). | ||
| + | *New indicators of science linkage in Japan show increasing trend over these 10 years, while a traditional indicator (NPL citation) is **stagnated** during this period. | ||
| + | *The impact of science on technology **is bound to** be of central concern to science policy-makers. | ||
| + | *Too much attention has been devoted to the relatively narrow range of scientific fields producing knowledge with direct technological applications, and too little to the much broader range of fields, the skills of which contribute to most technologies. | ||
| *food for thought | *food for thought | ||
| *We need to sample all the three types of latent varialbes $\vec{z}, \vec{\varphi}$ and $\vec{\vartheta}$. However, with the technique of collapsed Gibbs sampling, $\vec{\varphi}$ and $\vec{\vartheta}$ can be integrated out due to the conjugate prior $\vec{\alpha}$ and $\vec{\beta}$. | *We need to sample all the three types of latent varialbes $\vec{z}, \vec{\varphi}$ and $\vec{\vartheta}$. However, with the technique of collapsed Gibbs sampling, $\vec{\varphi}$ and $\vec{\vartheta}$ can be integrated out due to the conjugate prior $\vec{\alpha}$ and $\vec{\beta}$. | ||
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| *Methods and processes for delineating topography **go by multiple names** including partitioning, clustering, topic detection, community detection, etc. | *Methods and processes for delineating topography **go by multiple names** including partitioning, clustering, topic detection, community detection, etc. | ||
| *By expanding the quadratics, collecting powers of $\mu$ together, and then completing the square, it is straightforward to show that (3.5) has the form of another normal density. | *By expanding the quadratics, collecting powers of $\mu$ together, and then completing the square, it is straightforward to show that (3.5) has the form of another normal density. | ||
| - | *Each token with a standard contraction was then separated into a root and a contraction (e.g., don't -- do not). Contractions were then removed since all such suffixes are forms of words found on standard stopword lists or are possessive forms of other words. | + | *Each token with a standard contraction was then separated into a root and a contraction (e.g., don't -- do not). Contractions were then removed since all such suffixes are forms of words found on standard stopword lists or are possessive f |
| - | *Results have been mixed, with citation-based approaches performing best in some studies, text-based approaches in others, and hybrids in yet others. There is no particular pattern in the conflicting results, other than that the differences are likely field-specific. | + | |
zh/notes/sentences.1725522990.txt.gz · 最后更改: 2024/09/05 15:56 由 pzczxs